Provisions for Drug Advertisement Examination

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-05 00:40:14   浏览:8827   来源:法律资料网
下载地址: 点击此处下载

Provisions for Drug Advertisement Examination

State Food and Drug Administration,State Administration for Industry and Commerceof the People’s Republic of China


Provisions for Drug Advertisement Examination



(SFDA Decree No. 27)

The Provisions for Drug Advertisement Examination, adopted by the State Food and Drug Administration and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, is now issued in the decree sequence number of the State Food and Drug Administration. The Provisions shall go into effect as of the date of May 1, 2007.



Shao Mingli
Commissioner
State Food and Drug Administration

Zhou Bohua
Minister
State Administration for Industry and Commerceof the People’s Republic of China

March 13, 2007





Provisions for Drug Advertisement Examination


Article 1 The Provisions are formulated for the purposes of strengthening regulation on drug advertisements and ensuring the authenticity and legality of drug advertisements in accordance with the Advertisement Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as Advertisement Law), the Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as Drug Administration Law), the Regulations for the Implementation of Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as Regulations for the Implementation of Drug Administration Law) and other regulations related to supervision on advertisements and drugs.

Article 2 A drug advertisement refers to any advertisement published through various media or forms containing drug name, indications (functions) or other relevant contents, and shall be examined and approved in accordance with the Provisions.

Where only the names of non-prescription drugs (including adopted names and trade names) are publicized or only the names of prescription drugs (including adopted names and trade names) are publicized in professional medical or pharmaceutical journals, the examination is not required.

Article 3 The drug advertisement applied for examination shall be approved provided that it conforms to the following laws, regulations and related provisions:
(1) Advertisement Law;
(2) Drug Administration Law;
(3) Regulations for Implementation of Drug Administration Law;
(4) Criteria for Examining and Publishing Drug Advertisement;
(5) Other provisions of the State on advertisement regulation.

Article 4 The drug regulatory departments of the provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the Central Government are the drug advertisement examination authorities responsible for examining drug advertisements within their administrative regions. The administrative departments for industry and commerce at or above the county level are supervision and control authorities for drug advertisements.

Article 5 The State Food and Drug Administration shall guide and supervise the examination conducted by drug advertisement examination authorities and punish, in accordance with law, the examination authorities that have violated the Provisions.

Article 6 An applicant for a drug advertisement approval number must be an eligible drug manufacturer or distributor. Where the applicant is a drug distributor, the consent of the drug manufacturer is required.

An applicant may entrust an agent with the application for a drug advertisement approval number.

Article 7 An application for a drug advertisement approval number shall be submitted to the drug advertisement examination authority in the place where the drug manufacturer is located.

An application for an import drug advertisement approval number shall be submitted to the drug advertisement examination authority in the place where the agent of the import drug is located.

Article 8 Where a drug manufacturer or distributor applies for a drug advertisement approval number, it shall submit an Application Form for Drug Advertisement (Appendix 1) with sample manuscript (sample film or sample record) of which the content is consistent with that to be published attached, and an electronic document of drug advertisement application. It shall also submit the following proof documents that are authentic, legal and valid:
(1) Copy of the Business License of the applicant;
(2) Copy of the Drug Manufacturing Certificate or the Drug Supply Certificate of the applicant;
(3) Where the applicant is a drug distributor, the original document proving that the drug manufacturer authorizes the drug distributor to be the applicant shall be submitted;
(4) Where an agent submits an application for a drug advertisement approval number on behalf of the applicant, an original authorization letter given by the applicant to the agent, a copy of business license of the agent and other documents proving the subject’s qualifications shall be submitted;
(5) Copies of the drug approval document (including Import Drug License or Pharmaceutical Product License), copy of approved insert sheet, and label and insert sheet used in practice;
(6) For non-prescription drug advertisement, a copy of registration certificate of non-prescription drug examination or copies of relevant certificates is required;
(7) Where an applicant applies for an import drug advertisement approval number, copies of qualification certificates of the agent of the import drug shall be submitted;
(8) Where the trade name, registered trademark and patent of the drug are involved in an advertisement, copies of the valid certificates and other relevant documents proving the authenticity of the advertisement shall be submitted.

The copy of any approval document prescribed in this Article shall be sealed by the document holder.

Article 9 An advertisement application by an enterprise for a drug shall not be accepted by the drug advertisement examination authorities under any of the following circumstances:
(1) Any of the circumstances under which the application shall be rejected as prescribed in Article 20, Article 22 and Article 23 of the Provisions;
(2) An administrative procedure to withdraw a drug advertisement approval number is in process.

Article 10 After receiving an application for drug advertisement approval number, where the dossier is complete and in conformity with statutory requirements, the drug advertisement examination authority shall issue an Acceptance Notice of Drug Advertisement; where the dossier is incomplete or not conforming to the statutory requirements, one notification on all the content to be supplemented or corrected shall be given to the applicant on the spot or within five working days; if the notification to the applicant is not issued within the timeline, the application is deemed as being accepted upon the date when the dossier is received.

Article 11 Within ten working days upon accepting an application, the drug advertisement examination authority shall check the authenticity, legality and validity of the documents submitted by the applicant, and shall examine the advertisement content in accordance with law. For the drug advertisement in conformity with statutory requirements, a drug advertisement approval number shall be issued; for those not in conformity with statutory requirements, the authority shall make a decision of not issuing a drug advertisement approval number and notify the applicant of the decision with reasons in written form and the applicant’s right to apply for administrative reconsideration or to bring an administrative suit by law.

For approved drug advertisement, the drug advertisement examination authority shall report to the State Food and Drug Administration for records and send the approved Application Form for Drug Advertisement to the authority responsible for advertisement supervision and control at the same level for records. Where there is any problem in the drug advertisement reported to the State Food and Drug Administration for records, the State Food and Drug Administration shall instruct the drug advertisement examination authority to correct it.

The drug regulatory departments shall announce the approved drug advertisement timely.

Article 12 Where a drug advertisement is to be published in the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government other than the place where the drug manufacturer and the agent of the import drug are located (hereinafter referred to as “non-local drug advertisement”), it shall, before being published, be submitted for records to the drug advertisement examination authority in the place where the advertisement is to be published.

Article 13 The following materials for non-local drug advertisement shall be submitted for record:
(1) Copy of the Application Form for Drug Advertisement;
(2) Copy of the approved drug insert sheet;
(3) For television or audio broadcast advertisement, it is required to submit the audio tape, compact disc or other medium carrier on which the content is consistent with the approved content.

The copy of any document prescribed in this Article shall be sealed by the document holder.

Article 14 For application for putting non-local drug advertisement on record in accordance with Articles 12 and Article 13 of the Provisions, the drug advertisement examination authority shall, within five working days after accepting the application, put such drug advertisement on record, endorse the word “recorded” on the Application Form for Drug Advertisement, affix the seal specific for drug advertisement examination and send the form to the supervision and control authorities for advertisements at the same level for future reference.

Where the drug advertisement examination authority of a place where a drug advertisement is to be put on record finds that the drug advertisement is not conformed with the relevant provisions, it shall fill in the Opinion on the Record of Drug Advertisement Examination (Appendix 2), submit it to the original drug advertisement examination authority for check, and copy it to the State Food and Drug Administration.

Within five working days upon receiving the Opinion on the Record of Drug Advertisement Examination, the original drug advertisement examination authority shall give its opinions to the drug advertisement examination authority of the place where the drug advertisement is to be put on record. Where no consensus is achieved between the original drug advertisement examination authority and the drug advertisement examination authority of the place where a drug advertisement is to be put on record, the case may be submitted to the State Food and Drug Administration that shall make a final judgment.

Article 15 The valid term of a drug advertisement approval number is one year. It shall become invalid upon expiration.

Article 16 The content of an approved drug advertisement is not allowed to be changed when being published. Where any change to the drug advertisement is needed, a new drug advertisement approval number shall be obtained.

Article 17 Where an advertisement applicant publishes a drug advertisement by itself, it shall keep the original Application Form for Drug Advertisement for two years for future check.

Where an advertisement publisher or advertising operator is authorized by the applicant to publish a drug advertisement, it shall check the original Application Form for Drug Advertisement, publish the advertisement in accordance with the approved content and keep a copy of the Applicant Form for Drug Advertisement for two years for future check.

Article 18 Where there is any of the following circumstances for an approved drug advertisement, the original drug advertisement examination authority shall issue a Notice of Drug Advertisement Re-examination (Appendix 3) and conduct the re-examination. The drug advertisement may continue to be published during the re-examination.

(1) The State Food and Drug Administration finds that the content of the drug advertisement approved by the drug advertisement examination authority is not in conformity with the provisions;
(2) A supervision and control authority for advertisement at or above provincial level makes a re-examination proposal;
(3) Other circumstances where a re-examination is required by a drug advertisement examination authority.

After re-examination, where the drug advertisement is not in conformity to the statutory requirements, the Application Form for Drug Advertisement shall be taken back and the original drug advertisement approval number shall become invalid.

Article 19 Drug advertisement examination authorities shall cancel the drug advertisement approval number in any of the following circumstances:
(1) Where a Drug Manufacturing Certificate or the Drug Supply Certificate is revoked;
(2) Where a drug approval document is withdrawn or cancelled;
(3) Where the State Food and Drug Administration or the drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government instructs to stop the production, sales and use of the drug.

Article 20 For any alteration to the approved content of a drug advertisement for false propaganda, the drug regulatory departments shall instruct to stop the publication of the advertisement immediately, revoke the drug advertisement approval number, and shall not accept any application for advertisement of the drug within one year.

Article 21 Where any illegal advertisement in which the scope of indications (functions) of the drug is expanded without authorization, the therapeutic effectiveness is exaggerated extremely, or which seriously cheats or misleads the customers, is found, the drug regulatory department at or above the provincial level shall take mandatory administrative measures to suspend the sales of the drug within their administrative area and order the enterprise that illegally publishes the drug advertisement to issue a correction notice in relevant local media.

After the enterprise that illegally publishes the drug advertisement issues a correction notice as required, the drug regulatory department at or above the provincial level shall make a decision on lifting the mandatory administrative measures within 15 working days; where it is necessary to test the drug, the drug regulatory departments shall determine whether to lift the mandatory administrative measures within 15 days as from the day when the test report is issued.

Article 22 Where a drug advertisement application providing false materials is found by the drug advertisement examination authority during the examination, no further application of the enterprise in respect of the advertisement of the drug shall be accepted within one year.

Article 23 Where a drug advertisement with an approval number is found by the drug advertisement examination authority to have provided false materials, such drug advertisement approval number shall be revoked and no further application from the enterprise in respect of the advertisement of the drug shall be accepted within three years.

Article 24 Any drug advertisement, of which the approval number is taken back, cancelled or revoked in accordance with Article 18, Article 19, Article 20 and Article 23 of the Provisions, shall be discontinued for publication immediately; non-local drug advertisement examination authorities shall stop filing the record of the advertisement of the enterprise with the drug advertisement approval number.

Where a drug advertisement examination authority takes back, cancels or withdraws a drug advertisement approval number in accordance with Article 18, Article 19, Article 20 and Article 23 of the Provisions, it shall notify the supervision and control authority for advertisements at the same level within five working days from the day when the administrative decision on the matter is made; the supervision and control authority for advertisements shall handle it in accordance with law.

Article 25 Where a non-local drug advertisement is found not put on record in the drug advertisement examination authority of the place where it is published, the authority shall instruct to file its record within a time limit. If the record is not filed within the time limit, the drug advertisement in the above-mentioned place shall be suspended.

Article 26 The drug regulatory department at or above the county level shall monitor and check the publishing of drug advertisement that has been examined and approved. For any illegal drug advertisements, drug regulatory departments at all levels shall fill in the Notice on the Transfer of Illegal Drug Advertisement (Appendix 4) and transfer it to an supervision and control authority for advertisements at the same level together with such materials as samples of illegal drug advertisement; where the content of approved non-local drug advertisement is altered without permission, the drug advertisement examination authority of the place where the advertisement is published shall advise the original drug advertisement examination authority to revoke its approval number in accordance with Article 92 of the Drug Administration Law and Article 20 of the Provisions.

Article 27 Where an illegal drug advertisement is published and the circumstances are serious, the drug regulatory department of province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government shall announce the matter to the public and timely report it to the State Food and Drug Administration. The State Food and Drug Administration shall summarize and release the collected information periodically.

Where any false or illegal drug advertisement is published and the circumstances are serious, it shall be announced to the public jointly by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and the State Food and Drug Administration if necessary.

Article 28 For any drug advertisement published without approval, or the contents published inconsistent with the approved ones, the supervision and control authority for advertisements shall impose a punishment in accordance with Article 43 of the Advertisement Law; where it constitutes false advertisement or misleading propaganda, the supervision and control authorities for advertisements shall impose a punishment in accordance with Article 37 of the Advertisement Law and Article 24 of Anti-Unfair Competitions Law.

In the process of investigation of an illegal drug advertisement, where there is a need to affirm any drug technical information, the supervision and control authority for advertisements shall notify the drug regulatory department at or above the provincial level. The drug regulatory department at or above the provincial level shall give the affirmation result to the supervision and control authorities for advertisements within ten working days after receiving the notification.

Article 29 The staff members that examine and supervise drug advertisements shall be trained in such laws and regulations as the Advertisement Law and the Drug Administration Law. Where the staff members in drug advertisement examination department or in supervision and control authority for drug advertisements neglect their duty, abuse their power, or practice favoritism and commit irregularities, they shall be given an administrative sanction in accordance with law. If a crime is constituted, they shall be investigated for their criminal liabilities in accordance with law.

Article 30 A drug advertisement approval number shall be “X Yao Guang Shen (Shi) No. 0000000000", “X Yao Guang Shen (Sheng) No. 0000000000", “X Yao Guang Shen (Wen) No. 0000000000". “X” is the abbreviation for a province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government. “0000000000” is a number with ten digits, in which the first six represent year and month of the examination, and the last four represent advertisement approval sequence number. “Shi”, “Sheng” or “Wen” represents certain classification code used in advertising media.

Article 31 These Provisions shall come into force as of May 1, 2007. The Provisions for Drug Advertisement Examination issued by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and the Ministry of Health (Decree of State Administration for Industry and Commerce No. 25) on March 22, 1995 shall be annulled therefrom.


下载地址: 点击此处下载
一、存在的问题

  (一)代理人素质参差不齐,很难为当事人提供完善的法律服务。

  根据诉讼代理权的取得方式,代理人分为法定代理人和委托代理人两种。法定代理人是基于法律规定而产生的诉讼代理人,这里不做讨论。委托代理人是指接受当事人的委托而从事诉讼代理的人,在我国可以被委托担任诉讼代理人的有以下几种人员:1、律师,是指依法取得律师执业证书,为社会提供法律服务的人员。2、经司法行政机关批准,从事法律服务的法律工作者。3、当事人的近亲属,主要包括夫、妻、父、母、子、女、同胞兄弟姐妹。4、有关的社会团体或者当事人所在单位推荐的人。5、经人民法院许可的其他公民。以上人员是我国法律明文规定的有代理权限的,除此之外的人都不能以代理人身份参加诉讼活动,但是在现实的诉讼过程中,却很难严格执行。律师担任委托代理人因为有法律明确规定,自不用说。关键是还有一部分代理人经常以公民身份代理当事人参与诉讼,且该部分代理人群体相对固定。这些人并非当事人近亲属,也非社会团体推荐的人,往往以当事人朋友自居,名为给朋友帮忙实为通过代理牟利。法院在审查他们的身份时,明知不符合代理条件,往往碍于情面,睁一只眼闭一只眼。更有甚者,一些因冤假错案被无罪释放的人员(如赵作海)也加入了代理人的行列,接受当事人委托代理诉讼,当然我们不是歧视他们,实在是他们根本不懂法律,有的仅仅是被错判后的服刑经历和被媒体大肆报道后的影响力。法律之所以要对诉讼代理人设置准入门槛,是因为诉讼活动专业性较强,只有通过系统的法律学习,懂得诉讼程序的人才能胜任,而当事人请代理人也正是基于此。这些没有律师执业资格的普通公民因没有进行过系统的法律知识业务学习,没有受过法律职业道德教育,又无人管理,综合素质参差不齐,根本谈不上保护当事人合法权益,更不利于人民法院审判工作的开展。反而使法官面临更为复杂的人员群体,审判秩序面临更加严峻的挑战。

  (二)行业内部无序竞争,严重扰乱了正常的行业秩序和审判活动。

  由于实践中缺少制度化的具体配套措施,相应的管理也没有到位,于是就出现了许多代理诉讼的“黑律师”、“土律师”。这些人归纳起来有两类:一是部分社会闲散人员,利用其掌握的法律知识,担当代理人,因其没有获得律师执业资格或法律工作者从业资格,只好以公民身份代理,目的是为了捞取代理费。二是个别常年在法院打官司的老官司户、老上访户,官司打多了,“久病成医”,对诉讼程序和法律知识有所了解,这便成为了“代理”诉讼的本钱。这部分人多数对法律知识的了解是一知半解甚至是片面和错误的,也正因此他们在法院的各场诉讼中往往是败诉的。因而对法院的处理结果往往不满意而长期申诉、上访,从心理上存在着对政府、法院、法官的不信任,甚至是一味固执地情绪对立。这一类人以公民身份代理案件,收取代理费并不是他们的主要目的,而是借助所代理的案件给法院出难题,发泄他们对政府、法院、法官的不满情绪。

  这些“黑律师”、“土律师”都是凭借着对法律的一知半解,打着律师的旗号,大肆代理案件,收取当事人的费用。由于这些所谓的律师收费都比一般律师事务所低,而当事人出于经济考虑,就请他们代理,这样就严重扰乱了律师行业的秩序。但是,即便如此,由于没有专门的法律法规对此加以规范,加之三大诉讼法对公民代理人的资格都有较宽的范围,按照我国目前三大诉讼法对代理人的规定,几乎任何一个理智正常的个人都可以成为公民代理人,律师事务所也只能是望而兴叹。

  如此多的人都加入到代理人行列,而为了要承揽业务,律师之间,律师与非律师之间就不断竞争,最终受害的是当事人和法院。就拿一件故意伤害案件来说,受害人在找到律师咨询赔偿费用时,本来根据法律规定能赔3万,而律师为了让当事人聘请自己作为代理人,就不尊重事实和法律,把法院能支持的不能支持的都加上,最后算了5万,并且还大言不惭的给当事人承诺。结果在开庭时,法官主持调解,受害人一方由于有律师算下的赔偿费用,胸有成竹的认为法院能支持自己的请求,最终双方分歧较大,不能达成调解协议。法院只好根据查明的事实和法律规定做出判决,结果判决赔偿受害人3万元。受害人由于有律师先前的误算,就错误的认为法院判决不公,进而提出上诉,启动了二审程序,结果二审维持原判,又引发了当事人的上访。这样一件本来经过一审调解就能结案的小案,就因为律师不负责任的承诺,就把一件案件的所有审理程序走了一遍,不但耗费了当事人的人力,还浪费了司法资源,其根源就是“律师”之间的无序竞争。

  (三)法律缺失监管不严,使得代理人队伍不断壮大。

  由于我国只有《律师法》对律师的职业道德、执业禁止、执业行为有详尽的规定,对法律工作者和一般的公民代理人都没有一部严格意义上的法律加以规范,使得这两类人员在进行民事代理时有很多空子可钻。法院在审查他们的代理资格时,往往没有法律的具体规定做支撑,有时明知不符合代理条件,但碍于情面也只好同意。加之司法行政部门在对法律从业者进行管理时,由于没有法律的明确授权,只能对律师的行为进行监管,对于其他两类人员违反了“律师禁止竞业”方面的规定,却没有具体的处罚措施。缺少法律规范,加之有关部门监管缺失,就为一般的公民代理人从事法律服务提供了便利条件,使得不论什么文化层次、什么学历的人都进入到这个行列,这就无形之中降低了法律从业门槛,最终导致了越来越多的的人加入到了代理人行列,壮大了代理人队伍。
二、存在上述问题的原因

  一是法律服务市场不够规范,代理制度监管不严。我国三大诉讼法均规定了公民代理、律师代理诉讼制度。但因法律服务属于自由职业,且收入颇高,监管相对困难,使得从事该行业的人员素质差别较大,管理困难。法律服务市场已经没有限制,国家司法考试制度仅约束司法工作人员,对法律服务市场的影响在弱化。

  二是法院对代理人资格的审查流于形式,无法监督。因法律对诉讼代理规定较为原则,亲戚、朋友、社会团体推荐的人均可以代理诉讼,几乎涵盖了所有的人,故审判实践中法官对代理人代理的资格审查已经没有了标准,变得流于形式,唯一可审查的就是代理人是否具备民事行为能力了,甚至具备律师资格的同一代理人在同一案件中可以在律师代理和公民代理中自由转换。法官面对混乱的法律服务市场和复杂的代理人群体,显得十分无奈。

  三是代理人本身素质不高,不能严格遵守代理相关规定。法律服务市场的高利润和低风险吸引了大量不同层次的人员进入这一行业,这些代理人没有经过正规的法律教育,法律意识不强,法律知识残缺不全,不能有效配合法官工作,甚至也不能有效维护当事人合法权益。

  四是缺少处罚依据,处罚不力也纵容了上述现象的存在。由于三大诉讼法为公民参加代理提供了依据,使得这些人接受代理没有了后顾之忧,只要能让当事人高兴,顺顺利利的挣到代理费,别的可以不管不顾。但是缺少有力的处罚依据,有些代理人即便违反了代理制度,侵犯了当事人的合法权益,有关机关也拿他们没办法。
三、诉讼代理人秩序混乱造成的危害

  (一)不利于保护当事人的合法权益。法律是一门专业性较强的学科,从事法律职业更需要有较高的专业知识和良好的法律素养。我国之所以把通过国家司法考试作为从事法律工作的前提,就是基于此。另外我国《律师法》也规定,从事律师职业必须通过国家司法考试,而众所周知,司法考试被誉为中国第一考,可见其难度之大,如果没有受过专门的系统的学习是没办法通过的。通过司法考试的人,从事律师职业别的暂且不论,起码他对法律规定是熟知的。而一般的公民既没有接受过系统的法律学习,也没有基本的法律素养,对法律的认识只能算得上了解,但是由于利益的驱动,使得他们只管挣钱,不顾后果,即使不懂也要装懂,坑害了案件当事人,损害了当事人利益,让当事人既赔了钱又输了理。

  (二)扰乱了正常的诉讼秩序。法律是严肃的,法庭是神圣的,这些道理从事法律职业的人都懂。但是一些公民代理人,虽然打着律师的幌子代理案件,但是却干着与律师身份不相符的工作。为了挣钱,不惜一切代价,自己所代理一方当事人败诉后,怂恿当事人上诉、上访,致使引发无休止的缠诉、缠访,使得原本很简单的案子搞得复杂化,走完了一审走二审,只要达不到当事人的满意就不能结案,搞得法院很是被动,浪费了有限的司法资源,加大了办案的成本,降低了法院服判息诉率。

  (三)损害了法律的权威,削弱了司法机关在群众心中的威信。法律就是为了公正而设立的,人民法院作为国家司法机关,是掌握公正的天平。但是代理人秩序的混乱,竞争的无序,使得一些代理人为了能胜诉,挣到钱,有案源,能得到案件当事人的信任,就不惜花钱走门子,拉拢腐蚀司法人员,甚至编造伪造证据,致使案件判决显失公正,严重损害了司法机关的形象。个别基层司法人员在收到当事人的好处后,为了掩盖事实真相,在判决中轻描淡写,避重就轻,案件进入二审后,好多案件都实行书面审理,而二审法官由于案件多,只是对案件材料进行粗略的翻看,只要没有重大错误,一般都维持原判,致使上诉人的权益得不到维护,继而引发了更多的上访。凡此种种,都严重损害了法律的权威,削弱了司法机关在群众心中的威信。
四、规范民事诉讼代理的措施及建议:

  (一)司法行政部门应加强法律服务市场监管,尤其是公民代理监管。诉讼法设置公民代理制度,是为了更好保护当事人的诉讼权利,决不是降低法律服务市场的门槛,更不代表无需监管,可以放任自流。司法行政部门应转变观念,采取切实得力的措施,维护国家司法考试制度在法律服务市场的作用和影响力,维护法律服务市场的秩序,让法律服务又好又快的发展。

  (二)公民代理审查应严格规范,有据可循。随着法制进程的不断深化,公民的法律意识也不断增强,公民代理将更加常见。目前,司法行政部门对于法律服务市场的管理还局限于律师和法律工作者,其虽然对公民代理诉讼中假冒律师的行为拥有法定的处罚权,但对未假冒律师的公民进行的诉讼代理则无明文规定。为规范代理制度,方便当事人,司法行政部门应对本辖区内长期从事公民代理的人员进行登记,并组织法律资格考试,通过考试者颁发相关证明,使得法院在审查代理人资格时有据可循。

  (三)各级法院对本院案件定期进行统计分析,对于经常不服从管理、不愿配合司法机关工作,甚至滥用诉权扰乱司法机关正常工作秩序的代理人,禁止其在本院代理案件,定期公布名单,并向司法行政部门出具司法建议,取消其代理资格,禁止其从事相关法律服务工作。

  (四)各级法院要按照法律规定,严格审查代理人资格,尤其是公民代理。立案庭在案件立案、业务庭在案件审理时,应严格审查诉讼代理人的资格。公民个人代理案件的,应向法庭提供与被代理人属于近亲属的有关证明材料,或有关社会团体、所在单位的推荐证明等,以备法庭审查。对既非当事人的近亲属,又非有关的社会团体或所在单位推荐而要求或委托为参加案件代理的公民个人,法庭应拒绝其参加案件代理。

  (五)加强宣传和法律援助工作,引导广大人民群众在诉讼时尽量聘请正规律师或法律工作者,建立专门的法律援助中心,加强对中低收入者法律援助,减少该部分以公民代理为牟利手段人群的市场。

  通过上述措施,相信在不久的将来,诉讼代理工作中存在的问题能够有所改善。只有法律服务市场拥有一个良好的、规范的秩序,法律服务才能更好更快地发展,司法环境才能得到良好的改观,公民的合法权益受到切实保护,最终利国利民,实现人民幸福、社会和谐的目标。

  【作者介绍】北安市人民法院。

最高人民法院 最高人民检察院 公安部有关特赦罪犯的刑期计算等问题的意见

最高人民法院 最高人民检察院


最高人民法院 最高人民检察院 公安部有关特赦罪犯的刑期计算等问题的意见

1959年10月17日,最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部


各省、市、自治区高级人民法院、公安厅
(局):
特赦令公布后,不少省、市、自治区高级人民法院向我们提出有关特赦罪犯刑期、服刑时期的计算和剥夺政治权利等问题,要求解答。我们根据确实改恶从善这一特赦罪犯的主要标准和中央规定的政策精神,提出如下意见:一、过去已经减过刑而现在符合特赦条件的罪犯,其刑期和服刑时间的计算问题
1.原判死刑缓期二年执行,后经减为无期徒刑的罪犯,应按特赦令第五条,即无期徒刑罪犯特赦的规定处理;计算服刑时间是否已满七年,从减为无期徒刑之日起算。在这以前关押的时间不得折抵。
2.原判死缓,曾经减为无期徒刑,又经减为有期徒刑的罪犯,或者原判死缓,曾经减为有期徒刑的罪犯,应按特赦令第二、三条,即有期徒刑罪犯特赦的规定处理;计算服刑时间是否已达到三分之二、二分之一或者三分之一以上,从减为有期徒刑之日起算,在这以前的关押时间不得折抵。
3.原判无期徒刑,后减为有期徒刑的罪犯,应按特赦令第二、三条,即有期徒刑罪犯特赦的规定处理;计算服刑时间是否已达到三分之二、二分之一或者三分之一以上,从减为有期徒刑之日起算,在这以前的关押时间不得折抵。
4.原判有期徒刑,已经减过刑的罪犯,划分其刑期属五年以上还是五年以下,应按减刑后的刑期计算;计算服刑时间是否已达三分之二、二分之一或者三分之一以上,从关押之日起算。
二、特赦罪犯的剥夺政治权利的问题
1.原判死缓或无期徒刑,剥夺政治权利终身的罪犯,如经特赦减为有期徒刑,其剥夺政治权利终身的附加刑的时间,也可以相应的减少。至于减到多少,可以根据实际情况提出意见,报请省、地委决定后,在特赦通知书上注明。
2.经特赦释放的罪犯中,原判当时应当剥夺而没有剥夺政治权利的,不在特赦通知书上补判剥夺政治权利。这个问题,可以在安置工作中适当处理。